融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机设计与试验

针对油茶果批量脱壳后壳籽混杂、人力分选效率低的问题，研究设计了一种融合光电色选的皮带筛式油茶果壳籽分选机。根据油茶果壳、籽与倾斜传送带间摩擦角、碰撞系数的差异，设计振动皮带筛进行初分选；利用两者灰度差异，对壳中残留籽进行二次光电分选。对皮带筛上油茶果壳、籽进行运动学与动力学分析，发现皮带倾角、皮带速度和振动频率是影响振动初分选率的主要因素；以籽箱清洁率、壳中含籽率为试验指标，开展正交旋转组合试验。当皮带倾角为19°、皮带速度为1.50m/s、振动频率为55.40Hz时，其籽箱清洁率为95.52%、壳中含籽率为24.30%，对最优参数进行试验验证，优化结果可靠。对不同茶籽比率的物料进行光电分选试验，结果表明籽箱清洁率稳定在98.23%左右，壳中含籽率保持在2.34%左右，说明光电分选可准确识别并分选出混杂物料中的油茶籽。对整机进行最优参数试验验证，该机两籽箱茶籽平均清洁率可达97.55%，壳箱中含籽率为3.27%。试验结果表明，此油茶果壳籽分选机可实现油茶果壳、籽的高效分离。     

Hormetic UV-C seed treatments for the control of tomato diseases

Hormesis is a dose response phenomenon in which low, non-damaging doses of a stressor bring about a positive response in the organism undergoing treatment. Evidence is provided here that hormetic UV-C treatments of tomato seed can control disease caused by Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Treating seeds with a 4 kJ m⁻² dose of UV-C significantly reduced both the disease incidence and progression of B. cinerea, with approximately 10% reductions in both on cv. Shirley. Disease severity assays for FOL and FORL on cv. Moneymaker showed dose-dependent responses: UV-C treatments of 4 and 6 kJ m⁻² significantly reduced the disease severity scores of FOL, whilst only the 6 kJ m⁻² showed significant reductions for FORL. To determine the effects of treatment on germination and seedling growth, UV-C doses of 4, 8 and 12 kJ m⁻² were performed on cv. Shirley. No negative impacts on germination or seedling growth were observed for any of the treatments. However, the 8 kJ m⁻² treatment showed significant biostimulation, with increases in seedling, root and hypocotyl dry weight of 11.4%, 23.1% and 12.0%, respectively, when compared to the control. Furthermore, significant increases in the root-mass fraction (10.6%) and root:shoot ratio (13.1%) along with a decrease in shoot-mass fraction (2.0%) indicates that the 8 kJ m⁻² treatment stimulated root growth to the greatest extent. There was no effect on hypocotyl and primary root length or the number of lateral roots, indicating no adverse effects to basic root architecture or seedling growth.     

花生种子特异启动子AHSSP1的克隆及功能分析

为丰富花生种子特异启动子资源,本研究利用PCR技术在花生基因组中克隆了种子贮藏蛋白基因PSC32的启动子AHSSP1,利用半定量RT-PCR检测了PSC32基因表达模式,借助NewPLACE在线分析了AHSSP1序列中存在的顺式作用元件,并构建了AHSSP1驱动GUS报告基因的表达载体,经农杆菌转化获得转基因拟南芥,经GUS组织化学染色鉴定了该启动子的功能。结果表明,PSC32基因957 bp长的启动子AHSSP1序列具备种子特异表达启动子特有的3个RY REPEAT元件。半定量RT-PCR分析发现,PSC32基因在花生成熟种子中表达,而在饱果成熟期根、茎、叶片、花、入土前的果针、成熟种子的果壳中均不表达。GUS组织化学染色发现,转基因拟南芥成熟种子以及萌发种子的子叶、下胚轴和胚根均能够被染上蓝色;长出真叶后,子叶和下胚轴仍能被染色,而根和真叶不能被染上蓝色;成年期转基因拟南芥的叶片也不能被染上蓝色。而野生型拟南芥整个生长时期均不能被染上蓝色。以上现象说明AHSSP1是一个种子特异启动子。本研究丰富了花生种子特异启动子的资源,对花生籽仁品质改良或以花生籽仁作为“生物反应器”的研究具有重要的应用价值。     

光谱特征变量和BP神经网络构建油用牡丹种子含水率估算模型

为了进一步提高种子含水率的高光谱估算精度，该研究测定了156份油用牡丹种子的近红外吸收光谱及其对应的含水率值，分析了近红外吸收光谱、一阶微分光谱、水分吸收特征参数与含水率的相关关系，构建了基于特征波长吸收光谱、特征波长一阶微分光谱、水分特征吸收参数和BP神经网络的油用牡丹种子含水率估算模型，并对模型进行了验证；再结合一元线性回归（SLR，Single Linear Regression）、逐步多元线性回归（SMLR，Stepwise MultipleLinear Regression）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR，Partial Least Squares Regression）模型与BP神经网络（BPNN，BP Neural Network）模型进行比较。结果表明：1）油用牡丹种子含水率的吸收光谱特征波长位于1 410、1 900、1990 nm，一阶微分光谱特征波长位于1 150、1 950、2 080 nm；2）以DF2080和AD2140为自变量建立的一元线性回归模型预测效果较优，在能够满足水分估算精度的情况下，是最优的选择方法。3）将优选的特征参数作为输入，实测含水率值作为输出，构建BP神经网络模型，其建模与验模R2分别为0.978和0.973，RMSE分别为0.22%和0.242%，而RPD值分别为6.478和5.889，与其他模型相比，BP神经网络模型的建模及预测精度均最高，是估算油用牡丹种子含水率的最优模型，其次为逐步多元线性回归模型。研究结果表明BP神经网络模型对种子含水率具有更好的预测能力，是估算油用牡丹种子含水率的有效方法。     

气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验

针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。     

盐碱复合胁迫对白茎盐生草种子萌发的影响

为了解盐碱胁迫对种子萌发的影响，本研究以白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus)为研究对象，采用室内模拟试验，以盐分种类和盐浓度为控制因素，按照NaCl ? Na2SO4 ? NaHCO3 ? Na2CO3的顺序，以A (1 ? 1 ? 0 ? 0)、B (1 ? 2 ? 1 ? 0)、C (1 ? 9 ? 9 ? 1)、D (1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1)、E (9 ? 1 ? 1 ? 9) 5种不同比例进行混合，共5个组别，记为A－E；每个组别分为6个浓度，共30个处理，研究盐碱复合胁迫对其种子萌发的影响。结果表明：随着盐溶液浓度的升高，种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均呈下降趋势；将盐溶液中未萌发的种子转移到蒸馏水中后，种子可以不同程度地恢复萌发。经过回归分析得出，A－E的耐盐阈值依次为0.26、0.24、0.23、0.25、0.16 mol·L?1，耐盐极限值分别为0.65、0.62、0.62、0.60、0.52 mol·L?1；聚类分析得出，A－E的耐盐阈值依次为0.3、0.2、0.3、0.3、0.1 mol·L?1。对回归与聚类分析结果取均值，得出白茎盐生草种子萌发在盐碱复合胁迫下的耐盐阈值为0.234 mol·L?1，耐盐极限值为0.602 mol·L?1。盐分浓度对种子萌发的影响大于盐分种类。相较于碱性盐，白茎盐生草更耐受中性盐环境。     

Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system of the subtropical island forest

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function, but empirical evidences are still rare. Rodents, as both seed dispersers and seed predators, have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions. According to the non-monotonic models, the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance. In this study, we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed. The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated- and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed, respectively. Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent–seed system. Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function. We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.     

Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity. Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous, but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators. Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers, their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment. We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park, central China, by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds (n = 1806, 9 species) from fecal samples. Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples (ranging from 5–130 seeds), and ingested seeds were from small seeded species (seed width <4.5 mm). The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta (73%) and Rosa caudata (15%). The fruits of A. arguta were unripe when ingested (i.e. effective seed predation) and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials. Therefore, ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal. However, germination rates of defecated R. caudata (9%) were greater than control seeds (6% and 0%), demonstrating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal. Thus, colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.     

柔性机械式大豆精量排种器设计与试验

针对免耕播种作业时沙土和碎秸等飘浮物被气吸式排种器吸入充种室内，导致排种工作部件损坏、排种质量降低等问题，设计了一种柔性清护种机械式大豆精量排种器。对排种器工作过程进行理论分析，确定了影响工作性能的主要结构与工作参数；通过单因素对比试验确定了对排种性能影响最小的护种毛刷材料；采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法，以作业速度、充种倾角、护种距离为试验因素，以合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数和破损指数为评价指标，应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件对试验结果进行方差分析。结果表明：各因素对合格指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、护种距离、充种倾角，各因素对漏播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角，各因素对重播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、充种倾角，护种距离影响不显著，各因素对破损指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角；当作业速度为8~12km/h、充种倾角70°、护种距离为-1.5mm时，排种合格指数大于94%、漏播指数小于3%、重播指数小于3%、破损指数小于0.2%，满足免耕大豆高速精量播种作业要求。     

14种悬浮种衣剂防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的防效评价

摘 要：为有效控制玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的常年危害，筛选具有较好控制作用的种衣剂，笔者开展了14种悬浮种衣剂田间药效试验。试验表明：14种种衣剂对供试玉米品种出苗安全；氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)处理的出苗率96.7%为最高值。氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)对玉米地下害虫、玉米蚜虫的防治效果分别达84.8%、80.0%。精甲?咯?嘧菌（11%悬浮种衣剂）(1:2000)对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果达73.7%。说明以噻虫嗪、氟虫腈和甲霜灵为主的复配防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫、茎基腐病，能够取得较好的防治效果。建议针对不同的生态类型区域，结合品种、施肥、管理等措施选用不同的配方，以取得最佳的防治效果。